Research Paper on:
Women in Labor and Pain Control's Cultural Aspects

Unformatted Sample Text from the Research Paper:
the nurses inference of pain in the patient (Weber, 1996). Therefore, since pain is an intrinsic and expected part of childbirth, the American Nurses Association has indicated the importance  of nurses comprehending the cultural influences that can affect expressions of pain in individual women. The area of nursing theory that addresses the importance of understanding cultural influence is  generally referred to as transcultural nursing and was founded by Madeleine Leininger rough a quarter century ago (Weber, 1996). Leiningers cultural model teaches that "Culture is the way of life  of a group of people, the complex of shared concepts and patterns of learned behavior that are handed down from one generation to the next through the means of language  and imitations" (Weber, 1996, p. 68). Research into the cultural aspects of pain have long shown that culture affects pain response. For example, research performed by Zborowski in 1952 compared  pain response in Italian, Jewish, Irish and "Old American" (native-born Anglo-Saxons) patients and found that Jewish and Italian patients expressed a heightened pain response when compared to Irish and  Old American patients (Weber, 1996). Weber (1996) indicates that "pain always has communicative, behavioral or symbolic implications" (p. 69), and also cites a number of studies in patient perceived  pain and also in how nurses from various cultures perceive the pain of their patients. As this suggests, Weber (1996) provides a comprehensive history of research on this topic that  the student researching this topic may wish to include to a greater extent then is possible in the page limitations of this paper. (The student should realize that there is  no possible way to include everything requested in the five pages purchased for this paper, but as many topics as possible will be addressed).